The first film version of Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange was Warhol's bad-taste rendition, adapted by Ronald Tavel. Gerard Malanga is the juvenile delinquent who beats up a book-reading passerby and eventually is bound, gagged and "reconditioned" by a sadistic detective (John MacDermott). Edie Sedgwick in her first film defined her role as a bemused onlooker. "Shot in an apparent state of chaos, Vinyl remains one of Warhol's most lasting achievements-a tour of psychosexual hell in which the spectator's position remains frightfully vague. The 're-education' scene from Burgess' novel became the source of this simultaneously fascinating and repellent enactment of sadomasochistic energies, all crowded into the confined space of the film frame with playful glee" (Steve Anker). "I think Warhol participates very deeply in America's best kept secret-the painful, deeply denied intensity with which we experience our class structure...And A Clockwork Orange, although British, is very much about the sexuality of social class as it merges with spiritual domination" (Stephen Koch, Stargazer).